Baipatra > Water Resource Management

Water Resource Management

Hydropower | Hydrology | Groundwater | Climate Change | Water Resource Management

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IMAGE INTERPRETATION

Soil

The soil curve shows considerably less peak and valley variations in reflectance. That is, the factors that influence soil reflectance act over leas spectral bands. Some of the factors affecting soil reflectance are moisture content, soil texture (proportion of sand, silt and clay), surface roughness, the presence of iron oxide and organic matter content. These factors are complex, variable and interrelated. For example, presence of moisture in soil will decrease its reflectance. Soil moisture content is strongly related to the soil texture: coarse sandy soils are usually well drained resulting in low moisture content and have relatively high reflectance; poorly drained fine textured soils will generally have lower reflectance. Two other factors that reduce soil reflectance are surface roughness and the content of organic matter. The presence of iron oxide in a soil will also significantly decrease reflectance at least in the lower part of visible wavelength.

Water

Considering the spectral reflectance of water, probably the most distinctive characteristic is the energy absorption at reflected infra-red (also known as near infrared) wavelengths. In short, water absorbs energy in these wave lengths. Locating and delineating water bodies with remote sensing data is done most easily due to its reflected infra-red absorption property. However, various conditions of water bodies manifest themselves primarily in visible wavelengths. The energy/matter interactions at these wavelengths are very complex and depend on a number of inter-related factors. For example, the reflectance from a water body can stem from an interaction with the water's surface (specular reflection), with material suspended in the waters or with the bottom of the water body. Clean water absorbs relatively less energy having wavelength less than about 0.6 micron. However, as the turbidity changes (because of the presence of organic and inorganic materials) transmittance - therefore reflectance - changes dramatically. For example, water containing large quantities of suspended sediments resulting from soil erosion normally has much higher visible reflectance than other 'clean' water in the same geographical area.

Vegetation

Spectral reflectance curve for healthy green vegetation almost always manifest the 'peak and valley' configuration. The valleys in the visible portion of the spectrum are dictated by the pigments in plant leaves. Chlorophyll, for example, strongly absorbs energy in the wave length bands centered at about 0.45 and 0.65 micron. Hence our eyes perceive healthy vegetation as green in colour because of the very high absorption of blue and red energy by plant leaves and the very high reflection of green energy. As we go from the visible to the reflected infrared portion of the spectrum beyond 0.7 micron the reflectance of healthy vegetation increases dramatically. In the range from about 0.7 to 1.3 micron, a plant leaf reflects about 50 percent of the energy incident on it. Plant reflectance in 0.7 to 1.3 micron range results primarily from the internal structure is highly variable between plant species. Reflectance measurement in this range often permits us to discriminate between species, even if they look the same in visible wave lengths. Beyond 1.3 micron, energy incident upon vegetation is essentially absorbed or reflected, with little to no transmittance of energy. Dips in reflectance occur at 1.4, 1.9 and 2.7 micron because water in the leaf absorbs strongly at these wave lengths.

Free Hydrology Software

hydrologic simulators available for free download

Water Quality Index Calculator V2

Posted: June 16th, 2010, 1.34am EST

A new version of Water Quality Index Calculator was launched today.The feedbacks from the past version was included in this version.Like,in V2 you can estimate WQI of a set of data by importing an entire excel datasheet and found the value as Final WQI.Another advantage of this version is you can save and/or export the data as per your requirment.Though V2,this apps is presently in beta.Lots of bugs may arise.Please notify me if you find any.More.

Agro-Optimizer

Posted: December 8th, 2009, 5:14am EST

The agro-optimizer will help to optimize the output from a agricultural field.The optimizer will optimize the selling price and water requirement to achieve a desired profit.More