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Hydrology

Hydropower | Hydrology | Groundwater | Climate Change | Water Resource Management

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF REMOTE SENSING

Any beam of photons from some source passing through medium 1 (usually air) that impinges upon an object or target (medium 2) will experience one or more reactions like transmittance, absorptions, and reflectance.

The primary source of energy that illuminates natural targets is the Sun. Solar irradiation (also called insolation) arrives at Earth at wavelengths which are determined by the photo-spheric temperature of the sun (peaking near 5600 °C).

The main wavelength interval is between 200 and 3400 nm (0.2 and 3.4 µm), with the maximum power input close to 480 nm (0.48 µm), which is in the visible green region.

As solar rays arrive at the Earth, the atmosphere absorbs or backscatters a fraction of them and transmits the remainder

The solar energy strikes the land and ocean surface (and objects thereon), and atmospheric targets, such as air, moisture, and clouds, the incoming radiation (irradiance) partitions into three modes of energy-interaction response:

(1) Transmittance - Some fraction (up to 100%) of the radiation penetrates into certain surface materials such as water and if the material is transparent and thin in one dimension, normally passes through, generally with some diminution.

(2) Absorptance - Some radiation is absorbed through electron or molecular reactions within the medium; a portion of this energy is then re-emitted, usually at longer wavelengths, and some of it remains and heats the target;

(3) Reflectance - Some radiation (commonly 100%) reflects (moves away from the target) at specific angles and/or scatters away from the target at various angles, depending on the surface roughness and the angle of incidence of the rays.

The above three parameters are dimensionless numbers (between 0 and 1), but are commonly expressed as percentages.A fourth situation, when the emitted radiation results from internal atomic/molecular excitation, usually related to the heat state of a body, is a thermal process. When a remote sensing instrument has a line-of-sight with an object that is reflecting solar energy, then the instrument collects that reflected energy and records the observation.

Free Hydrology Software

hydrologic simulators available for free download

Water Quality Index Calculator V2

Posted: June 16th, 2010, 1.34am EST

A new version of Water Quality Index Calculator was launched today.The feedbacks from the past version was included in this version.Like,in V2 you can estimate WQI of a set of data by importing an entire excel datasheet and found the value as Final WQI.Another advantage of this version is you can save and/or export the data as per your requirment.Though V2,this apps is presently in beta.Lots of bugs may arise.Please notify me if you find any.More.

Agro-Optimizer

Posted: December 8th, 2009, 5:14am EST

The agro-optimizer will help to optimize the output from a agricultural field.The optimizer will optimize the selling price and water requirement to achieve a desired profit.More