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Groundwater

Hydropower | Hydrology | Groundwater | Climate Change | Water Resource Management

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

An extraordinary geographic locating technology available to everyone - including the "man in the street" - is the Global Positioning System (GPS) operated by the U.S. Dept. of Defense. U.S. government policy has made this satellite system available for civilian use - hence GPS has become almost routine in daily use by anyone. This system utilizes 24 (21 active; 3 as spares) small satellites each transmitting radio signals at the same two frequencies (L1 = 1575.4 Mhz; L2 = 1227.6 MHz). Each satellite follows a circular orbit inclined 55° to the equator at an altitude of 20,200 km. This constellation of satellites is placed, four each, within 6 orbital planes spaced 60° apart.

Location is established by pseudoranging, which determines distance to each satellite (which transmits its own unique identification as a pseudo-random-noise [PRN) code) by analyzing the radio signals that travel at the speed of light. The signal contains modulated time-tagged data bits that permit transmission (hence travel) times to be determined as the difference between time of origin and time of arrival. To establish ground location a variant of the classical triangulation method used in surveying is applied, as indicated by this diagram

If signals from just three satellites are received, the location solution involves two possible points - one correct, the other false. To resolve this positional dilemma, a signal from a fourth satellite provides a solution that is unique. The position of each satellite must be closely fixed at any moment by knowing its ephemeris (orbital parameters that determine where a satellite is relative to some ground reference), which can be calculated from signals sent to a network of control stations. There must also be high precision atomic clocks (two each of cesium and rubidium) on the satellite and a corresponding clock in any ground receiver whose location is desired. Electronics and computer processing at the receiver facilitate calculation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (effectively, Greenwich Mean Time) which can then be adjusted to GPS Time, so that time differences between corresponding signals from the several satellites can be determined with high exactitude.

Free Hydrology Software

hydrologic simulators available for free download

Water Quality Index Calculator V2

Posted: June 16th, 2010, 1.34am EST

A new version of Water Quality Index Calculator was launched today.The feedbacks from the past version was included in this version.Like,in V2 you can estimate WQI of a set of data by importing an entire excel datasheet and found the value as Final WQI.Another advantage of this version is you can save and/or export the data as per your requirment.Though V2,this apps is presently in beta.Lots of bugs may arise.Please notify me if you find any.More.

Agro-Optimizer

Posted: December 8th, 2009, 5:14am EST

The agro-optimizer will help to optimize the output from a agricultural field.The optimizer will optimize the selling price and water requirement to achieve a desired profit.More